SKYSPIN
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating
systems are there from the very first computer generation and they keep
evolving with time. In this chapter, we will discuss some of the
important types of operating systems which are most commonly used.
Batch operating system
The
users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer
directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch
cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing,
jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The
programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator then
sorts the programs with similar requirements into batches.
The problems with Batch Systems are as follows −
- Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
- CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU.
- Difficult to provide the desired priority.
Time-sharing operating systems
Time-sharing
is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals,
to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or
multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Processor's
time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as
time-sharing.
The
main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing
Systems is that in case of Multiprogrammed batch systems, the objective
is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems, the
objective is to minimize response time.
Multiple
jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the
switches occur so frequently. Thus, the user can receive an immediate
response. For example, in a transaction processing, the processor
executes each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation.
That is, if nusers
are present, then each user can get a time quantum. When the user
submits the command, the response time is in few seconds at most.
The
operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide
each user with a small portion of a time. Computer systems that were
designed primarily as batch systems have been modified to time-sharing
systems.
Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are as follows −
- Provides the advantage of quick response.
- Avoids duplication of software.
- Reduces CPU idle time.
Disadvantages of Time-sharing operating systems are as follows −
- Problem of reliability.
- Question of security and integrity of user programs and data.
- Problem of data communication.
Distributed operating System
Distributed
systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time
applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed
among the processors accordingly.
The
processors communicate with one another through various communication
lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred
as loosely coupled systems or
distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in
size and function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes,
computers, and so on.
The advantages of distributed systems are as follows −
- With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another.
- Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
- If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
- Better service to the customers.
- Reduction of the load on the host computer.
- Reduction of delays in data processing.
Network operating System
A
Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the
capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and
other networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating
system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple
computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private
network or to other networks.
Examples
of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003,
Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare,
and BSD.
The advantages of network operating systems are as follows −
- Centralized servers are highly stable.
- Security is server managed.
- Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
- Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems.
The disadvantages of network operating systems are as follows −
- High cost of buying and running a server.
- Dependency on a central location for most operations.
- Regular maintenance and updates are required.
Real Time operating System
A
real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the
time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that
it controls the environment. The time taken by the system to respond to
an input and display of required updated information is termed as the response time. So in this method, the response time is very less as compared to online processing.
Real-time
systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the
operation of a processor or the flow of data and real-time systems can
be used as a control device in a dedicated application. A real-time
operating system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints,
otherwise the system will fail. For example, Scientific experiments,
medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems,
robots, air traffic control systems, etc.
There are two types of real-time operating systems.
Hard real-time systems
Hard
real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time. In
hard real-time systems, secondary storage is limited or missing and the
data is stored in ROM. In these systems, virtual memory is almost never
found.
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